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Tuesday, March 31, 2020

PDF READ FREE Rider: Satan's Fury MC-Memphis

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She was the one piece of his past he'd never put behind him. Wall Street Journal and USA Today Bestselling Author L. Wilder brings readers a new installment in the Satan's Fury MC- Memphis series. i'd spent years trying to put the past behind me. I wanted to forget the mistakes I'd made and the dreams I'd lost, but they were a part of me. They'd made me into the man I'd become--a brother of Satan's Fury. I wore my cut with pride. It was a constant reminder of how far I'd come and who'd helped me get there. I had my life all figured out until the day Darcy Harrington came walking in the Satan's Fury garage. I thought I'd put the strong-willed, foulmouthed beauty behind me. I was wrong. She was back and just as infuriatingly stubborn and full of sass as I remembered. I'd always tried to resist the pull I felt towards her, but that was about to change. I'd learned to fight for what I wanted, and I wanted her. Rider is book seven of the Satan's Fury MC- Memphis Chapter. While this book is a continuation of the series, it can be read as a standalone. Rider is a full-length novel with no cheating and a swoon-worthy HEA.

Books are everywhere. Libraries big and small and bookstores are splattered all over college campuses and larger cities. They are all filled with one of the most important things of all time—books. Those who read books appreciate the multiple places to find books. Those who aren’t fans of books, don’t understand what could make readers want to obsess over books. There is a reason for their obsession, though. You hear it all the time: read every day.Reading is important because it develops our thoughts, gives us endless knowledge and lessons to read while keeping our minds active. Reading books to help us learn and understand and makes us smarter, not to mention the knowledge, vocabulary and thinking skills we develop.In the world today where information are abundant, reading books is one of the best ways to be informed. Though reading might seem like simple fun, it can be helping your body and mind without you even realising what is happening. What makes reading so important? It can be for these reasons and not just knowledge.For those who don’t enjoy it, you might change your mind after hearing about the benefits. Can something so easy and fun be so helpful in your life? Of course, it can! Reading can be a great benefit to you in many different ways—such as sharpening your mind, imagination, and writing skills. With so many advantages, it should be an everyday occurrence to read at least a little something.Books can hold and keep all kinds of information, stories, thoughts and feelings unlike anything else in this world. Can words, paragraphs, and fictional worlds be all that great for you and your health? It definitely can, and it is a timeless form of entertainment and information

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[R.E.A.D] The Color Purple

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Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, this novel about a resilient and courageous woman has become a Broadway show and a cultural phenomenon.A PBS Great American Read Top 100 PickCelie has grown up poor in rural Georgia, despised by the society around her and abused by her own family. She strives to protect her sister, Nettie, from a similar fate, and while Nettie escapes to a new life as a missionary in Africa, Celie is left behind without her best friend and confidante, married off to an older suitor, and sentenced to a life alone with a harsh and brutal husband.In an attempt to transcend a life that often seems too much to bear, Celie begins writing letters directly to God. The letters, spanning 20 years, record a journey of self-discovery and empowerment guided by the light of a few strong women. She meets Shug Avery, her husband's mistress and a jazz singer with a zest for life, and her stepson's wife, Sophia, who challenges her to fight for independence. And though the many letters from Celie's sister are hidden by her husband, Nettie's unwavering support will prove to be the most breathtaking of allThe Color Purple has sold more than five million copies, inspired an Academy Award-nominated film starring Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey and directed by Steven Spielberg, and been adapted into a Tony-nominated Broadway musical. Lauded as a literary masterpiece, this is the groundbreaking novel that placed Walker "in the company of Faulkner" (The Nation) and remains a wrenching - yet intensely uplifting - experience for new generations of listeners.

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[read ebook] A Trace of Deceit: A Novel

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A Paperback OriginalFrom the author of A Dangerous Duet comes the next book in her Victorian mystery series, this time following a daring female painter and the Scotland Yard detective who is investigating her brother’s suspicious death.A young painter digs beneath the veneer of Victorian London’s art world to learn the truth behind her brother’s murder... Edwin is dead. That’s what Inspector Matthew Hallam of Scotland Yard tells Annabel Rowe when she discovers him searching her brother’s flat for clues. While the news is shocking, Annabel can’t say it’s wholly unexpected, given Edwin’s past as a dissolute risk-taker and art forger, although he swore he’d reformed. After years spent blaming his reckless behavior for their parents’ deaths, Annabel is now faced with the question of who murdered him—because Edwin’s death was both violent and deliberate. A valuable French painting he’d been restoring for an auction house is missing from his studio: find the painting, find the murderer. But the owner of the artwork claims it was destroyed in a warehouse fire years ago.As a painter at the prestigious Slade School of Art and as Edwin’s closest relative, Annabel makes the case that she is crucial to Matthew’s investigation. But in their search for the painting, Matthew and Annabel trace a path of deceit and viciousness that reaches far beyond the elegant rooms of the auction house, into an underworld of politics, corruption, and secrets someone will kill to keep.

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PDF READ FREE Snowbound with the Cowboy (Rocky Mountain Ranch)

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They have one more chance to get it right…She’s here to stay. He plans to leave.Can a snowstorm bring them back together?Returning home to open a veterinary clinic, the last person Sara Branson expects to find in town is Tate Langford—the man she once loved. But the injured rodeo star has no intention of staying, and their families don’t get along. So when a snowstorm strands Sara and Tate together, why can’t she stop wishing their reunion could turn permanent?Rocky Mountain Ranch

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PDF READ FREE Celestina's Burnings

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Review An engagingly ornate tale of an Italian witch scare.Pedersen's prose evokes a Florence of inquisitors, seductresses, starry-eyed artists, and shaven-headed young men in the streets. The style of the book is a bit more high-flown and romanticized than the Philippa Gregory-esque fare that currently dominates modern historical fiction ... but this approach to the subject manner feels appropriate. Pedersen's version of a combustive, witch-mad Florence makes for a wonderful setting, and Celestina is a believably conflicted protagonist. Those who are looking for a fun, extravagant read will enjoy this late-medieval adventure.�--Kirkus ReviewsA story that will involve, delight, and engross readers in Renaissance Italian culture, politics, and art with its powerful saga of personal and political enlightenment and entwined destinies and family ties.�-- Midwest Book Review Celestina's Burnings ...�a grand historical adventure worth savoring.�--IndieReader (Star�Review) The mixture of fast-paced action, romance and sensuality will have readers racing to the end and wishing for more. Would I read more by this author? Definitely!'-- Library ThingCelestina's Burnings�is a delightful romp through Renaissance Italy.�--Colorado Book Review Read more From the Author Need book club recommendations? Take flight in the world of Renaissance witches. Annemarie Schiavi Pedersen writes women's historical fiction, set in medieval times, that will have readers clutching the edge of their broom sticks. Read more About the Author How to Tweet Your Way to a Publisher's Contract!Join�Annemarie Schiavi Pedersen�from 10:30 a.m.-noon on Jan. 18, 2020 for this special on-line class sponsored by Detroit Working Writers and Eventbrite.Cost is $25.Follow the link to sign up:eventbrite.com/e/how-to-tweet-your-way-to-a-publishers-contract-tickets-85802061275?utm-medium=discovery&utm-campaign=social&utm-content=attendeeshare&aff=escb&utm-source=cp&utm-term=listing Read more

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[R.E.A.D] How to Love a Country: Poems

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Review �This clear-seeing and forthright volume marks Blanco as a major, deeply relevant poet.��Booklist, Starred Review�Generous and deeply felt, the long prose poems in this moving new collection from presidential inaugural poet Blanco (after Looking for the Gulf Motel) help us understand what it means to cross a border . . . . Submit to the fierce pleasure of Blanco�s art.��Library Journal�Blanco�s contributions to the fields of poetry and the arts have already paved a path forward for future generations of writers . . . Our Nation was built on the freedom of expression, and poetry has long played an important role in telling the story of our Union and illuminating the experiences that unite all people.��President Barack Obama�At a time when we are once again debating our identity as Americans, this splendid collection of poems from a great storytelling poet is an absolute treasure that speaks to the things that hold us together despite the things that split us apart.��Doris Kearns Goodwin, author of Leadership in Turbulent Times�From a country courting implosion, a country at odds with its own brutal and breathless backstory, a country with a name that sparks both expletive and prayer, rises Richard Blanco�s muscular, resolute voice�sounding stanzas of the confounded heart and clenched fist, of indignation and insurrection. This is an urgent gathering of sweet, fractured, insistent American noise�the stories that feed us and the stories we�d rather forget�re-teaching us all the right ways there are to love a country that so often forgets how to love us back.��Patricia Smith, author of Incendiary Art�This new collection is vibrant, tragic, exhilarating, deeply in love with people and their stories and heartbreakingly engaged with our struggling nation. These are poems for every season, for large and small moments and very much for our time.��Amy Bloom, author of White Houses�A frank and wonderful collection that calls America a work in progress, that describes the poet himself as a grade school bully who loved the other boy he hit and one could readily cry with him now, everything is alive here in his book: the Rio Grande as sentient and knowing, all this with a jazz musician�s timing. Richard Blanco writes about the elusive poundingness of love.��Eileen Myles, author of Evolution�In these times of hate, we need poets who speak of love. Richard Blanco�s new collection is a visionary hymn of love to the human beings who comprise what we call this country. Whether he speaks in the voice of an immigrant who came here long ago, or the very river an immigrant crosses to come here today, Blanco sings and sings. This, the song says, is the way out�for all of us.��Mart�n Espada, author of Vivas to Those Who Have Failed�Richard Blanco has risen to the challenge of writing poetry that serves our nation. This is both a responsibility and an honor. I am moved, proud, overjoyed, and inspired.��Sandra Cisneros, author of The House on Mango Street�Powerful, personal, and full of life, these poems delve into the complex intricacies of what it means to call the United States home. A masterful poet who is clear-eyed and full of heart, Blanco explores the country�s haunted past while offering a bright hope for the future.��Ada Lim�n, author of Bright Dead Things�In this timely collection, Richard Blanco masterfully embraces his role as a civic poet, confronting our nation�s riddled history in the light of conscience. At once personal and political, these lyric narratives decry injustice and proclaim our hopes.��Carolyn Forch�, author of The Country Between Us�There is a uniting oneness to these passionate and remarkable poems, each finely wrought line a bridge from one heart to another, a love song of this burdened earth and all its flawed inhabitants. Richard Blanco is this century�s Walt Whitman.��Andre Dubus III, author of Gone So Long Read more About the Author Selected by President Obama to be the fifth inaugural poet in history, Richard Blanco followed in the footsteps of Robert Frost and Maya Angelou. The youngest, first Latino, first immigrant, and first openly gay person to serve in the role, he read his inaugural poem, 'One Today' on January 21, 2013. Blanco and his family arrived in Miami as exiles from Cuba through Madrid where he was born. The negotiation of cultural identity and universal themes of place and belonging, characterize his three collections of poetry. His poems have also appeared in The Best American Poetry and Great American Prose Poems. Blanco is a Fellow of the Bread Loaf Writers Conference, recipient of two Florida Artist Fellowships, and is a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow. A builder of cities as well as poems, he is also a professional civil engineer currently living in Bethel, Maine, and Miami, Florida. He currently serves as the Education Ambassador for the American Academy of Poets. Read more

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[PDF] DOWNLOAD READ Journey to the End of the Night

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Louis-Ferdinand Celine's revulsion and anger at what he considered the idiocy and hypocrisy of society explodes from nearly every minute of this novel. Filled with slang and obscenities and written in raw, colloquial language, Journey to the End of the Night is a literary symphony of violence, cruelty, and obscene nihilism. This book shocked most critics when it was first published in France in 1932, but quickly became a success with the public in Europe, and later in America, where it was first published by New Directions in 1952. The story of the improbable, yet convincingly described travels of the petit-bourgeois (and largely autobiographical) antihero, Bardamu, from the trenches of World War I, to the African jungle, to New York and Detroit, and finally to life as a failed doctor in Paris, takes the listeners by the scruff and hurtles them toward the novel's inevitable, sad conclusion.

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(READ) The Pharmaceutical Regulatory Process (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences Book 185)

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This Second Edition examines the mechanisms and means to establish regulatory compliance for pharmaceutical products and company practices. It focuses on major legislative revisions that impact requirements for drug safety reviews, product regulatory approvals, and marketing practices. Written by top industry professionals, practicing attorneys, and FDA regulators, it includes policies and procedures that pharmaceutical companies need to implement regulatory compliance post-approval.New chapters cover:the marketing of unapproved new drugs and FDA efforts to keep them in regulatory compliancepharmacovigilance programs designed to prevent widespread safety issueslegal issues surrounding the sourcing of foreign APIsthe issues of counterfeit drugsupdates on quality standards

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PDF READ FREE Notebook: Wallaby Kangaroo Marsupial Australian Wildlife 5' x 8' 150 Ruled Pages

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•Notebook measurements 5” x 8”(12.7cm x 20.32cm)•Heaps of Space with 150 Ruled Pages•Perfect distance between lines allowing plenty of room to write•Stunning softcovers, sturdy enough for everyday use •Wild Pages Press are creators of unique notebooks, journals, composition books, school exercise books, college pads, university lecture pads, memo books and travel journals. •Our range of over 18,000 quality products make amazing gifts, perfect for any special occasion or for a bit of luxury for everyday use•Our huge range of products ensures we offer a notebook or journal for any subject you can think of, simply search Wild Pages Press and the subject and you will see our great array of unique, quality items•We offer a huge array of different sized notebooks and journals so they suit every occasion you can think of•Our quality products are competitively priced so they can be enjoyed by everyone•So versatile, they come in a wide range, be it the perfect travel companion, or a stylish lecture pad for college or university, cool composition book for school, comprehensive notebook for work, or journaling every day, Wild Pages Press products are the perfect family heirloom to be treasured for years to come•Our quality products are made in the USA and competitively priced so they can be enjoyed by everyone

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(READ) The PowerScore Digital LSAT Reading Comprehension Bible

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Review PowerScore LSAT test preparation is your BEST means of learning how to get the score you want on the LSAT. --Neal Byrd Read more From the Inside Flap The PowerScore LSAT Reading Comprehension Bible is the definitive guide to the Reading Comprehension section of the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT), featuring official LSAT passages and questions with complete explanations. This book will provide you with a powerful and comprehensive system for attacking any Reading Comprehension question that you may encounter on the LSAT. The concepts presented in this publication are representative of the techniques and approaches that have been tested in PowerScore's live LSAT preparation courses and have consistently been proven effective for countless students. In an effort to clearly explain the fundamental principles of the Reading Comprehension section, this book contains substantial discussions of how to deconstruct the passages, how to identify and attack the questions, and how to successfully avoid traps set by the test makers. In addition, The PowerScore LSAT Reading Comprehension Bible contains a variety of drills and exercises that supplement the discussion of techniques and question analysis. The drills help strengthen specific skills that are critical for LSAT excellence; for this reason they are as important as the LSAT questions. At the end of the book, you will find a complete quick-reference answer key to all of the problems. This includes chapter-by-chapter answer keys, and a unique reverse lookup feature that lists all of the included passages, sorted by the LSAT administration date and PrepTest number. We believe the use of official Reading Comprehension passages is essential to your success on the LSAT, and no LSAT passage in this book has been modified from its original form. By carefully studying and correctly applying the techniques employed in The PowerScore LSAT Reading Comprehension Bible, we are certain that you can increase your Reading Comprehension score. Read more About the Author David M. Killoran is an expert in test preparation with over 25 years of teaching experience and a 99th percentile score on a Law Services-administered LSAT. In addition to having written the renowned PowerScore LSAT Logic Games Bible, the PowerScore LSAT Logical Reasoning Bible, and many other popular publications, Dave has overseen the preparation of countless students and founded two national LSAT preparation companies. Jon Denning, a graduate of the Georgia Institute of Technology, oversees product creation and instructor training for all of the exam services PowerScore offers. He is also a Senior Instructor with 99th percentile scores on the LSAT, GMAT, GRE, SAT, and ACT, and for the past 15 years has assisted thousands of students in the college, graduate, and law school admissions processes. Read more

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Read Online The Case Against Single Payer: How �Medicare for All� Will Wreck America�s Health Care System?And Its Economy

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Review �Chris Jacobs is completely unique�a Washington conservative who actually cares about heath care and understands how it works, and does not work.� �Bobby Jindal, former Louisiana governor�Chris Jacobs is one of the sharpest healthcare experts in the conservative movement. His is an essential voice in this debate about the future of our healthcare system and our freedom.� �Mike Lee,�Senator�Chris Jacobs does a great job of breaking down complex policies into plain language accessible to all Americans. This book will allow doctors and patients to understand the details behind the radical Left�s health care takeover.� �Newt Gingrich, former House Speaker�Chris Jacobs is indisputably one of the sharpest minds in health care reform today. His book is a tour de force for anyone seeking the intellectual ammunition to explain why a single-payer health care system is doomed to fail�and what reforms can make American health care the greatest in the world.� �Jim DeMint, former Senator�In this book, Chris Jacobs succinctly outlines the damage�massive tax increases, government spending, and federal regulations�that single payer will inflict on the economy. Americans should read this book to see why single payer would put their jobs and futures at risk.��Dr. Arthur Laffer Read more About the Author Chris Jacobs, the Founder and CEO of Juniper Research Group, has spent more than 15 years studying health care on and off Capitol Hill. He has analyzed health policy and legislation for some of the leading lights of the conservative movement�including Jim DeMint, Bobby Jindal, Mike Pence, Pat Toomey, and Jeb Hensarling. While working for the House Republican Conference under then-Chairman Mike Pence, he helped lead the messaging against Obamacare in the run up to the law�s passage. After the law�s enactment, he continued his work for the Senate Republican Policy Committee, Joint Economic Committee, and Heritage Foundation. Chris serves as a Senior Contributor to The Federalist, and previously contributed to the Wall Street Journal�s Think Tank blog. He has taught classes on health care policy for the Conservative Policy Institute, and at The American University, from which he graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in Political Science and History. Read more

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[PDF EBOOK EPUB] Hard Times (Signet Classics)

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About the Author Charles Dickens (1812�70) had a happy childhood until age twelve when, due to his father�s confinement in debtors� prison, he was forced to leave school to work in a factory. He taught himself shorthand and worked as a parliamentary reporter until his writing career took off with the publication of Sketches by Boz (1836) and The Pickwick Papers (1837). As a novelist and magazine editor, Dickens had a long run of serialized success, including Oliver Twist (1838), David Copperfield (1850), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1861). In later years, ill health slowed him down, but he continued his popular dramatic readings from his fiction to an adoring public, which included Queen Victoria. At his death, The Mystery of Edwin Drood remained unfinished. Frederick Busch (1941�2006) was the author of eighteen works of fiction, including Closing Arguments, Girls, and The Mutual Friend, a novel about Charles Dickens. The winner of numerous awards, he was the Fairchild Professor of Literature at Colgate University. Jane Smiley is an American novelist. In addition to her many novels (including Ten Days in the Hills, Horse Heaven, and A Thousand Acres), she wrote a short biography of Charles Dickens for the Penguin Lives series (2001). Read more Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. CHAPTER I The One Thing Needful�Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. Stick to Facts, Sir!�The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a schoolroom, and the speaker�s square forefinger emphasized his observations by underscoring every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster�s sleeve. The emphasis was helped by the speaker�s square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellerage in two dark caves, overshadowed by the wall. The emphasis was helped by the speaker�s mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard set. The emphasis was helped by the speaker�s voice, which was inflexible, dry, and dictatorial. The emphasis was helped by the speaker�s hair, which bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of firs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head had scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts stored inside. The speaker�s obstinate carriage, square coat, square legs, square shoulders,�nay, his very neckcloth, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp, like a stubborn fact, as it was,�all helped the emphasis.�In this life, we want nothing but Facts, Sir; nothing but Facts!�The speaker, and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person present, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. CHAPTER IIMurdering the InnocentsThomas Gradgrind, Sir. A man of realities. A man of facts and calculations. A man who proceeds upon the principle that two and two are four, and nothing over, and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over. Thomas Gradgrind, Sir�peremptorily Thomas�Thomas Gradgrind. With a rule and a pair of scales, and the multiplication table always in his pocket, Sir, ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature, and tell you exactly what it comes to. It is a mere question of figures, a case of simple arithmetic. You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind, or Joseph Gradgrind (all supposititious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind�no, Sir!In such terms Mr. Gradgrind always mentally introduced himself, whether to his private circle of acquaintance, or to the public in general. In such terms, no doubt, substituting the words �boys and girls,� for �Sir,� Thomas Gradgrind now presented Thomas Gradgrind to the little pitchers before him, who were to be filled so full of facts.Indeed, as he eagerly sparkled at them from the cellarage before mentioned, he seemed a kind of cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts, and prepared to blow them clean out of the regions of childhood at one discharge. He seemed a galvanizing apparatus, too, charged with a grim mechanical substitute for the tender young imaginations that were to be stormed away.�Girl number twenty,� said Mr. Gradgrind, squarely pointing with his square forefinger, �I don�t know that girl. Who is that girl?��Sissy Jupe, sir,� explained number twenty, blushing, standing up, and curtseying.�Sissy is not a name,� said Mr. Gradgrind. �Don�t call yourself Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia.��It�s father as calls me Sissy, sir,� returned the young girl in a trembling voice, and with another curtsey.�Then he has no business to do it,� said Mr. Gradgrind. �Tell him he mustn�t. Cecilia Jupe. Let me see. What is your father?��He belongs to the horse-riding, if you please, sir.�Mr. Gradgrind frowned, and waved off the objectionable calling with his hand.�We don�t want to know anything about that, here. You mustn�t tell us about that, here. Your father breaks horses, don�t he?��If you please, sir, when they can get any to break, they do break horses in the ring, sir.��You mustn�t tell us about the ring, here. Very well, then. Describe your father as a horsebreaker. He doctors sick horses, I dare say?��Oh yes, sir.��Very well, then. He is a veterinary surgeon, a farrier and horsebreaker. Give me your definition of a horse.�(Sissy Jupe thrown into the greatest alarm by this demand.)�Girl number twenty unable to define a horse!� said Mr. Gradgrind, for the general behoof of all the little pitchers. �Girl number twenty possessed of no facts, in reference to one of the commonest of animals! Some boy�s definition of a horse. Bitzer, yours.�The square finger, moving here and there, lighted suddenly on Bitzer, perhaps because he chanced to sit in the same ray of sunlight which, darting in at one of the bare windows of the intensely whitewashed room, irradiated Sissy. For, the boys and girls sat on the face of the inclined plane in two compact bodies, divided up the centre by a narrow interval; and Sissy, being at the corner of a row on the sunny side, came in for the beginning of a sunbeam, of which Bitzer, being at the corner of a row on the other side, a few rows in advance, caught the end. But, whereas the girl was so dark-eyed and dark-haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun, when it shone upon her, the boy was so light-eyed and light-haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed. His cold eyes would hardly have been eyes, but for the short ends of lashes which, by bringing them into immediate contrast with something paler than themselves, expressed their form. His short-cropped hair might have been a mere continuation of the sandy freckles on his forehead and face. His skin was so unwholesomely deficient in the natural tinge, that he looked as though, if he were cut, he would bleed white.�Bitzer,� said Thomas Gradgrind. �Your definition of a horse.��Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs, too. Hoofs hard, but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth.� Thus (and much more) Bitzer.�Now girl number twenty,� said Mr. Gradgrind. �You know what a horse is.�She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all this time. Bitzer, after rapidly blinking at Thomas Gradgrind with both eyes at once, and so catching the light upon his quivering ends of lashes that they looked like the antenn� of busy insects, put his knuckles to his freckled forehead, and sat down again.The third gentleman now stepped forth. A mighty man at cutting and drying, he was; a government officer; in his way (and in most other people�s too), a professed pugilist; always in training, always with a system to force down the general throat like a bolus, always to be heard of at the bar of his little Public-office, ready to fight all England. To continue in fistic phraseology, he had a genius for coming up to the scratch,2 wherever and whatever it was, and proving himself an ugly customer. He would go in and damage any subject whatever with his right, follow up with his left, stop, exchange, counter, bore his opponent (he always fought All England)3 to the ropes, and fall upon him neatly. He was certain to knock the wind out of common sense, and render that unlucky adversary deaf to the call of time. And he had it in charge from high authority to bring about the great public- office Millennium, when Commissioners should reign upon earth.�Very well,� said this gentleman, briskly smiling, and folding his arms. �That�s a horse. Now, let me ask you girls and boys, Would you paper a room with representations of horses?�After a pause, one half of the children cried in chorus, �Yes, Sir!� Upon which the other half, seeing in the gentleman�s face that Yes was wrong, cried out in chorus, �No, Sir!��as the custom is, in these examinations.�Of course, No. Why wouldn�t you?�A pause. One corpulent slow boy, with a wheezy manner of breathing, ventured the answer, Because he wouldn�t paper a room at all, but would paint it.�You must paper it,� said the gentleman, rather warmly.�You must paper it,� said Thomas Gradgrind, �whether you like it or not. Don�t tell us you wouldn�t paper it. What do you mean, boy?� Read more

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Review �Vivid . . . ambitious . . . Challenges readers to broaden their horizons and examine their assumptions. . . . [Hanson] more than makes his case.�--The New York Times Book Review �No one offers a more compelling picture of how wars reflect and affect the societies, including our own, that wage them.� �National Review�Hanson . . . is becoming one of the best-known historians in America . . . [Carnage and Culture] can only enhance his reputation.� �John Keegan, Daily Telegraph (London)�Victor Davis Hanson is courting controversy again with another highly readable, lucid work. Together with John Keegan, he is our most interesting historian of war.� �Jean Bethke Elshtain, author of Women and War Read more From the Inside Flap ne landmark battles from ancient to modern times--from Salamis, where outnumbered Greeks devastated the slave army of Xerxes, to Cortes�s conquest of Mexico to the Tet offensive--Victor Davis Hanson explains why the armies of the West have been the most lethal and effective of any fighting forces in the world.Looking beyond popular explanations such as geography or superior technology, Hanson argues that it is in fact Western culture and values�the tradition of dissent, the value placed on inventiveness and adaptation, the concept of citizenship�which have consistently produced superior arms and soldiers. Offering riveting battle narratives and a balanced perspective that avoids simple triumphalism, Carnage and Culture demonstrates how armies cannot be separated from the cultures that produce them and explains why an army produced by a free culture will always have the advantage. Read more From the Back Cover �Vivid . . . ambitious . . . Challenges readers to broaden their horizons and examine their assumptions. . . . [Hanson] more than makes his case.�--The New York Times Book Review �No one offers a more compelling picture of how wars reflect and affect the societies, including our own, that wage them.� �National Review�Hanson . . . is becoming one of the best-known historians in America . . . [Carnage and Culture] can only enhance his reputation.� �John Keegan, Daily Telegraph (London)�Victor Davis Hanson is courting controversy again with another highly readable, lucid work. Together with John Keegan, he is our most interesting historian of war.� �Jean Bethke Elshtain, author of Women and War Read more About the Author Victor Davis Hanson is the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow in Residence in Classics and Military History at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, a professor of Classics Emeritus at California State University, Fresno, and a nationally syndicated columnist for Tribune Media Services. He is also the Wayne & Marcia Buske Distinguished Fellow in History, Hillsdale College, where he teaches each fall semester courses in military history and classical culture. He is the author of The Soul of Battle, An Autumn of War, and Ripples of Battle, all published by Anchor Books. His most recent book is�The Savior Generals�(Bloomsbury 2013). Hanson was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2007, the Bradley Prize in 2008, as well as the William F. Buckley Prize (2015), the Claremont Institute�s Statesmanship Award (2006), and the Eric Breindel Award for opinion journalism (2002). He divides his time between his farm in Selma, CA, where he was born in 1953, and the Stanford campus. Read more Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. ONEWhy the West Has WonWhen the trumpet sounded, the soldiers took up their arms and went out. As they charged faster and faster, they gave a loud cry, and on their own broke into a run toward the camp. But a great fear took hold of the barbarian hosts; the Cilician queen fled outright in her carriage, and those in the market threw down their wares and also took to flight. At that point, the Greeks in great laughter approached the camp. And the Cilician queen was filled with admiration at the brilliant spectacle and order of the phalanx; and Cyrus was delighted to see the abject terror of the barbarians when they saw the Greeks.--Xenophon, Anabasis (1.2.16-18)ENLIGHTENED THUGSEVEN THE PLIGHT of enterprising killers can tell us something. In the summer of 401 b.c., 10,700 Greek hoplite soldiers--infantrymen heavily armed with spear, shield, and body armor--were hired by Cyrus the Younger to help press his claim to the Persian throne. The recruits were in large part battle-hardened veterans of the prior twenty-seven-year Peloponnesian War (431-404 b.c.). As mercenaries, they were mustered from throughout the Greek-speaking world. Many were murderous renegades and exiles. Both near adolescents and the still hale in late middle age enlisted for pay. Large numbers were unemployed and desperate at any cost for lucrative work as killers in the exhausted aftermath of the internecine war that had nearly ruined the Greek world. Yet there were also a few privileged students of philosophy and oratory in the ranks, who would march into Asia side by side these destitute mercenaries--aristocrats like Xenophon, student of Socrates, and Proxenus, the Boeotian general, as well as physicians, professional officers, would-be colonists, and wealthy Greek friends of Prince Cyrus.After a successful eastward march of more than 1,500 miles that scattered all opposition, the Greeks smashed through the royal Persian line at the battle of Cunaxa, north of Babylon. The price for destroying an entire wing of the Persian army was a single Greek hoplite wounded by an arrow. The victory of the Ten Thousand in the climactic showdown for the Persian throne, however, was wasted when their employer, Cyrus, rashly pursued his brother, Artaxerxes, across the battle line and was cut down by the Persian imperial guard.Suddenly confronted by a host of enemies and hostile former allies, stranded far from home without money, guides, provisions, or the would-be king, and without ample cavalry or missile troops, the orphaned Greek expeditionary infantrymen nevertheless voted not to surrender to the Persian monarchy. Instead, they prepared to fight their way back to the Greek world. That brutal trek northward through Asia to the shores of the Black Sea forms the centerpiece of Xenophon's Anabasis ('The March Up-Country'), the author himself one of the leaders of the retreating Ten Thousand.Though surrounded by thousands of enemies, their original generals captured and beheaded, forced to traverse through the contested lands of more than twenty different peoples, caught in snowdrifts, high mountain passes, and waterless steppes, suffering frostbite, malnutrition, and frequent sickness, as well as fighting various savage tribesmen, the Greeks reached the safety of the Black Sea largely intact--less than a year and a half after leaving home. They had routed every hostile Asian force in their way. Five out of six made it out alive, the majority of the dead lost not in battle, but in the high snows of Armenia.During their ordeal, the Ten Thousand were dumbfounded by the Taochians, whose women and children jumped off the high cliffs of their village in a ritual mass suicide. They found the barbaric white-skinned Mossynoecians, who engaged in sexual intercourse openly in public, equally baffling. The Chalybians traveled with the heads of their slain opponents. Even the royal army of Persia appeared strange; its pursuing infantry, sometimes whipped on by their officers, fled at the first onslaught of the Greek phalanx. What ultimately strikes the reader of the Anabasis is not merely the courage, skill, and brutality of the Greek army--which after all had no business in Asia other than killing and money--but the vast cultural divide between the Ten Thousand and the brave tribes they fought.Where else in the Mediterranean would philosophers and students of rhetoric march in file alongside cutthroats to crash headlong into enemy flesh? Where else would every man under arms feel equal to anyone else in the army--or at least see himself as free and in control of his own destiny? What other army of the ancient world elected its own leaders? And how could such a small force by elected committee navigate its way thousands of miles home amid thousands of hostile enemies?Once the Ten Thousand, as much a 'marching democracy' as a hired army, left the battlefield of Cunaxa, the soldiers routinely held assemblies in which they voted on the proposals of their elected leaders. In times of crises, they formed ad hoc boards to ensure that there were sufficient archers, cavalry, and medical corpsmen. When faced with a variety of unexpected challenges both natural and human--impassable rivers, a dearth of food, and unfamiliar tribal enemies--councils were held to debate and discuss new tactics, craft new weapons, and adopt modifications in organization. The elected generals marched and fought alongside their men--and were careful to provide a fiscal account of their expenditures.The soldiers in the ranks sought face-to-face shock battle with their enemies. All accepted the need for strict discipline and fought shoulder-to-shoulder whenever practicable. Despite their own critical shortage of mounted troops, they nevertheless felt only disdain for the cavalry of the Great King. 'No one ever died in battle from the bite or kick of a horse,' Xenophon reminded his beleaguered foot soldiers (Anabasis 3.2.19). Upon reaching the coast of the Black Sea, the Ten Thousand conducted judicial inquiries and audits of its leadership's performance during the past year, while disgruntled individuals freely voted to split apart and make their own way back home. A lowly Arcadian shepherd had the same vote as the aristocratic Xenophon, student of Socrates, soon-to-be author of treatises ranging from moral philosophy to the income potential of ancient Athens.To envision the equivalent of a Persian Ten Thousand is impossible. Imagine the likelihood of the Persian king's elite force of heavy infantry--the so-called Immortals, or Amrtaka, who likewise numbered 10,000--outnumbered ten to one, cut off and abandoned in Greece, marching from the Peloponnese to Thessaly, defeating the numerically superior phalanxes of every Greek city-state they invaded, as they reached the safety of the Hellespont. History offers a more tragic and real-life parallel: the Persian general Mardonius's huge invasion army of 479 b.c. that was defeated by the numerically inferior Greeks at the battle of Plataea and then forced to retire home three hundred miles northward through Thessaly and Thrace. Despite the army's enormous size and the absence of any organized pursuit, few of the Persians ever returned home. They were clearly no Ten Thousand. Their king had long ago abandoned them; after his defeat at Salamis, Xerxes had marched back to the safety of his court the prior autumn.Technological superiority does not in itself explain the miraculous Greek achievement, although Xenophon at various places suggests that the Ten Thousand's heavy bronze, wood, and iron panoply was unmatched by anything found in Asia. There is no evidence either that the Greeks were by nature 'different' from King Artaxerxes' men. The later pseudoscientific notion that the Europeans were racially superior to the Persians was entertained by no Greeks of the time. Although they were mercenary veterans and bent on booty and theft, the Ten Thousand were no more savage or warlike than other raiders and plunderers of the time; much less were they kinder or more moral people than the tribes they met in Asia. Greek religion did not put a high premium on turning the other cheek or on a belief that war per se was either abnormal or amoral. Climate, geography, and natural resources tell us as little. In fact, Xenophon's men could only envy the inhabitants of Asia Minor, whose arable land and natural wealth were in dire contrast to their poor soil back in Greece. Indeed, they warned their men that any Greeks who migrated eastward might become lethargic 'Lotus-Eaters' in such a far wealthier natural landscape.The Anabasis makes it clear, however, that the Greeks fought much differently than their adversaries and that such unique Hellenic characteristics of battle--a sense of personal freedom, superior discipline, matchless weapons, egalitarian camaraderie, individual initiative, constant tactical adaptation and flexibility, preference for shock battle of heavy infantry--were themselves the murderous dividends of Hellenic culture at large. The peculiar way Greeks killed grew out of consensual government, equality among the middling classes, civilian audit of military affairs, and politics apart from religion, freedom and individualism, and rationalism. The ordeal of the Ten Thousand, when stranded and near extinction, brought out the polis that was innate in all Greek soldiers, who then conducted themselves on campaign precisely as civilians in their respective city-states.In some form or another, the Ten Thousand would be followed by equally brutal European intruders: Agesilaus and his Spartans, Chares the mercenary captain, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and centuries of legionary dominance, the Crusaders, Hernan Cortes, Portuguese explorers in Asiatic seas, British redcoats in India and Africa, and scores of other thieves, buccaneers, colonists, mercenaries, imperialists, and explorers. Most subsequent Western expeditionary forces were outnumbered and often deployed far from home. Nevertheless, they outfought their numerically superior enemies and in varying degrees drew on elements of Western culture to slaughter mercilessly their opponents.In the long history of European military practice, it is almost a truism that the chief military worry of a Western army for the past 2,500 years was another Western army. Few Greeks were killed at Marathon (490 b.c.). Thousands died at the later collisions at Nemea and Coronea (394 b.c.), where Greek fought Greek. The latter Persian Wars (480-479 b.c.) saw relatively few Greek deaths. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 b.c.) between Greek states was an abject bloodbath. Alexander himself killed more Europeans in Asia than did the hundreds of thousands of Persians under Darius III. The Roman Civil Wars nearly ruined the republic in a way that even Hannibal had not. Waterloo, the Somme, and Omaha Beach only confirm the holocaust that occurs when Westerner meets Westerner.This book attempts to explain why that is all so, why Westerners have been so adept at using their civilization to kill others--at warring so brutally, so often without being killed. Past, present, and future, the story of military dynamism in the world is ultimately an investigation into the prowess of Western arms. Scholars of war may resent such a broad generalization. Academics in the university will find that assertion chauvinistic or worse--and thus cite every exception from Thermopylae to Little Big Horn in refutation. The general public itself is mostly unaware of their culture's own singular and continuous lethality in arms. Yet for the past 2,500 years--even in the Dark Ages, well before the 'Military Revolution,' and not simply as a result of the Renaissance, the European discovery of the Americas, or the Industrial Revolution--there has been a peculiar practice of Western warfare, a common foundation and continual way of fighting, that has made Europeans the most deadly soldiers in the history of civilization.THE PRIMACY OF BATTLEWar as CultureI am not interested here in whether European military culture is morally superior to, or far more wretched than, that of the non-West. The conquistadors, who put an end to human sacrifice and torture on the Great Pyramid in Mexico City, sailed from a society reeling from the Grand Inquisition and the ferocious Reconquista, and left a diseased and nearly ruined New World in their wake. I am also less concerned in ascertaining the righteousness of particular wars--whether a murderous Pizarro in Peru (who calmly announced, 'The time of the Inca is over') was better or worse than his murdering Inca enemies, whether India suffered enormously or benefited modestly from English colonization, or whether the Japanese had good cause to bomb Pearl Harbor or the Americans to incinerate Tokyo. My curiosity is not with Western man's heart of darkness, but with his ability to fight--specifically how his military prowess reflects larger social, economic, political, and cultural practices that themselves seemingly have little to do with war.That connection between values and battle is not original, but has an ancient pedigree. The Greek historians, whose narratives are centered on war, nearly always sought to draw cultural lessons. In Thucydides' history of the Peloponnesian War, nearly 2,500 years ago the Spartan general Brasidas dismissed the military prowess of the tribes of Illyria and Macedonia, who confronted his Spartan hoplites. These men, Brasidas says of his savage opponents, have no discipline and so cannot endure shock battle. 'As all mobs do,' they changed their fearsome demeanor to cries of fright when they faced the cold iron of disciplined men in rank. Why so? Because, as Brasidas goes on to tell his soldiers, such tribes are the product of cultures 'in which the many do not rule the few, but rather the few the many' (Thucydides 4.126).In contrast to these enormous armies of screaming 'barbarians' without consensual governments and written constitutions--'formidable in outward bulk, with unbearable loud yelling and the frightful appearance of weapons brandished in the air'--'citizens of states like yours,' Brasidas assures his men, 'stand their ground.' Notice that Brasidas says nothing about skin color, race, or religion. Instead, he simplistically connects military discipline, fighting in rank, and the preference for shock battle with the existence of popular and consensual government, which gave the average infantryman in the phalanx a sense of equality and a superior spirit to his enemies. Whether or not we wish to dismiss Brasidas's self-serving portrait of frenzied tribesmen as a chauvinistic Western 'construct' or 'fiction,' or debate whether his own Spartan oligarchy was a broad-based government, or carp that European infantrymen were often ambushed and bushwhacked by more nimble guerrillas, it is indisputable that there was a tradition of disciplined heavy infantrymen among the constitutionally governed Greek city-states, and not such a thing among tribal peoples to the north.In an analysis of culture and conflict why should we concentrate on a few hours of battle and the fighting experience of the average soldier--and not the epic sweep of wars, with their cargo of grand strategy, tactical maneuver, and vast theater operations that so much better lend themselves to careful social and cultural exegesis? Military history must never stray from the tragic story of killing, which is ultimately found only in battle. The culture in which militaries fight determines whether thousands of mostly innocent young men are alive or rotting after their appointed hour of battle. Abstractions like capitalism or civic militarism are hardly abstract at all when it comes to battle, but rather concrete realities that ultimately determined whether at Lepanto twenty-year-old Turkish peasants survived or were harpooned in the thousands, whether Athenian cobblers and tanners could return home in safety after doing their butchery at Salamis or were to wash up in chunks on the shores of Attica. Read more

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR:Alfred Edersheim was a Jewish convert to Christianity and a Biblical scholar known especially for his book The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (1883).

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Review �Deep and comprehensive�The Guarded Gate sharply reminds us that nativism has never been limited to its most savage enforcers like the Klan or neo-Nazis. It always has�its �civilized� voices, too, with lobbyists, funders, and advocates giving it respectable cover, domesticating it, putting it in Good Housekeeping rather than in Der Sturmer.� �The New York Review of Books '�The story of this triumph of ignorance has been told before, but never more vividly than by Daniel Okrent. . . A rigorously historical work.� �The Washington Post �[An] often surprising history. . . . The Guarded Gate is reminiscent of Okrent�s Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (2010) in its elegant . . . prose and its focus on the unlikely alliances that converged to effect political change.� �The Boston Globe �A frighteningly timely book about a particularly ugly period in American history, a bigotry-riddled chapter many thought was closed but that shows recent signs of reopening� One of the narrative's great strengths is the author's inclusion of dozens of minibiographies illuminating the backgrounds of the racist politicians and the promoters of phony eugenics �research�� [A] revelatory and necessary historical account.� �Kirkus Reviews �[A] sweeping history.� �The New Yorker �Engrossing� this fascinating study vividly illuminates the many injustices that the pseudoscience of eugenics inflicted on so many would-be Americans.� �Publishers Weekly ��A sobering, valuable contribution to discussions about immigration.� �Booklist ��A steely-eyed look at America�s eugenics movement.� �Library Journal �[A] detailed, compulsively readable account . . . a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the history of immigration in the United States�and how the past might be relevant to policy makers and citizens today.� �BookPage�What�s so unsettling about Daniel Okrent�s spellbinding history of a previous immigration controversy is how it resonates with today�s debate. Insightful, unsparing, and totally absorbing, this book frames the discussion against a compelling historical backdrop that describes the gap between the American ideal and the American reality.� �Lawrence Wright, Pulitzer Prize-winning author�of�The Looming Tower�and�God Save Texas �In The Guarded Gate, Daniel Okrent has again taken a largely forgotten epoch in American history and brilliantly brought it back to life. Written with a grace that any novelist would envy, Okrent�s book tells the story of the immigration battles of the early twentieth century in a way that�s both fascinating on its own terms, but also, alas, all-too-relevant to today�s news.� �Jeffrey Toobin,�CNN, author of�American Heiress �Our two oceans have protected and insulated us, but they have also helped to incubate less attractive features.�Daniel Okrent artfully and faithfully records our (earlier) dismal record on immigration and how those home-grown racist and xenophobic policies metastasized into exports with horrific worldwide consequences.�This is a masterful, sobering, thoughtful, and necessary book.��Ken Burns �The Guarded Gate delivers a timely history of anti-immigrant fever centered in the elite eugenics movement a century ago. In this masterful narrative, sprinkled with wit, Daniel Okrent shows how the lesser angels of our heritage �depopulated Ellis Island as if by epidemic,� leading to cycles of disgrace and reform.��Taylor Branch, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63 �Daniel Okrent is a gifted social historian. In this powerful, fast-paced, and highly relevant chronicle of bad science and fearful prejudice, Okrent helps us understand how and why our country lost its way about a century ago. Read it so that history does not find new ways of repeating itself.� �Evan Thomas, author of The War Lovers�If you think we have reached peak stupidity � that America�s per capita quantity has never been higher � there is solace, of sorts, in Daniel Okrent�s guided tour through the immigration debate that was heading toward a nasty legislative conclusion a century ago.� �George F. Will, The Washington Post�Engrossing... It�s a grim and sordid story, but Okrent is a�companionable, witty, and judicious�guide.� �Commentary Magazine �A�vivid�new book�jam-packed�with appalling examples� of anti-immigrant passions �primarily targeted at Catholics and Jews�� The New York Times Book Review Read more About the Author Daniel Okrent�was the first public editor of�The New York Times, editor-at-large of Time, Inc., and managing editor of�Life�magazine. He worked in book publishing as an editor at Knopf and Viking, and was editor-in-chief of general books at Harcourt Brace. He was also a featured commentator on two Ken Burns series, and his books include Last Call, The Guarded Gate, and�Great Fortune, which was a finalist for the 2004 Pulitzer Prize in history. He lives in Manhattan and on Cape Cod with his wife, poet Rebecca Okrent. Read more Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. The Guarded Gate Chapter One The Future Betterment of the Human Race Charles Benedict Davenport left a vivid impression on one of his occasional collaborators during his period of greatest influence. Davenport �used to lift his eyes reverently,� Margaret Sanger would recall, �and, with his hands upraised as though in supplication, quiver emotionally as he breathed, �Protoplasm. We want more protoplasm.�?� When she wasn�t promoting the idea of birth control�and sometimes, tactically, when she thought it would help her cause�Sanger was one of dozens of prominent, if seemingly unlikely, Americans who waved the banner of eugenics in the first third of the twentieth century. The �protoplasm� that Davenport longed for was the genetic material that would create an improved human race�if the world followed the principles of planned breeding that embodied the eugenicist faith. It�s not hard to picture Davenport�tall, slim, his Vandyke always impeccable, his brow invariably creased and taut�in the state Sanger described. By his own description he was beset by a �nervous� temperament. A colleague said he �liv[ed] a life of his own in the midst of others . . . out of place in almost any crowd.� When he wasn�t carried away by the nearly ecstatic bouts of optimism that arose from one or another of his studies and experiments (�life is a succession of thrills,� he exclaimed in midcareer), he was unconfident, defensive, even resentful. As a young biologist at Harvard in the 1890s, hunched over a microscope with an intensity of purpose that seemed to create its own force field, he provided a clear signal for those who didn�t grasp his zeal intuitively by spelling it out for them in words he had inscribed on his eyeshade: �I am deaf dumb and blind.� That was a Davenportian way of saying, �Leave me alone; I have work to do.� And he had plenty: in a career that stretched for nearly five decades, Davenport published 439 scientific papers, sat on the editorial boards of eight scholarly journals, maintained memberships in sixty-four scientific and social organizations, and trained generations of American geneticists (not to mention, along the way, a busload or two of charlatans). For four of those decades, operating out of a tidy scientific principality he established in the Long Island coastal village of Cold Spring Harbor, Davenport reigned as the nation�s foremost advocate, investigator, and�there�s really no other word for it�impresario of a science that altered the face of a nation. The scientific colossus that eventually blossomed in Cold Spring Harbor, and that along the way would develop the intellectual arguments for limiting immigration to the United States by country of origin, began life in 1890 as the biological laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, a venerable civic institution that extended its reach thirty-five miles to the east on Long Island�s north shore.I The thousands of men and women who worked in the Cold Spring Harbor laboratories over the decades to come would produce groundbreaking research in genetics, neuroscience, oncology, and other disciplines; eight of these people, including geneticist Barbara McClintock and James Watson, the codiscoverer of DNA, would win Nobel Prizes. Charles Davenport would never win a Nobel, but for a time his researches and his recommendations earned equivalent attention. In 1898 the thirty-two-year-old Davenport was appointed director of the summer school of the biological laboratory. He was a Brooklyn boy of prominent family; another Davenport was treasurer of the Brooklyn Institute, and three more were among its donors. But anyone who might have suspected that he won his appointment through nepotism could not have been familiar with Davenport�s work, or his personality. At the time, he had not yet located the path that would eventually lead him to his intense engagement with the study of human heredity, but his school-year labors at Harvard were productive and his range was prodigious: a paper on the effects of water on the growth of frogs, a book on statistical methods, another encompassing such topics as �chemotropism in the tentacles of insectivorous plants.� He married Gertrude Crotty, a graduate student in zoology whose work he supervised, and so endeared himself to Harvard president Charles W. Eliot that Eliot invited the young couple to stay in his Cambridge house one summer while he was rusticating in Maine. In later years Davenport would allow his ambitions to distort his work, eventually leading him dangerously past the edge of reason. But as a young man working at Harvard and beginning a family, he was a pure scientist. He was especially tantalized by an emerging field known as experimental evolution, an area of study for researchers seeking to unlock the Darwinian code in the controlled environment of the laboratory, thus abbreviating the millennia required to apprehend evolution in nature. As attached to Harvard as he might have been�undergraduate degree, PhD, faculty appointment�Davenport did not find the university sufficiently accommodating for the work he wished to pursue. Each week, when the journal Science arrived in the Davenport household, Gertrude would scour the death notices, hoping to find news of an appropriate opening. In 1899 Charles accepted a full-time position at the University of Chicago but felt the strong pull of his seasonal appointment in Cold Spring Harbor. (Gertrude also held a faculty position at the summer school, teaching microscope technique.) For a natural scientist with interests as varied as Davenport�s, the village and its surroundings were a version of paradise: seashore and estuary, ponds and streams, meadows and forests, every imaginable environment for gathering specimens. The train to New York from nearby Oyster Bay ran frequently enough to serve the wealthy families building their country palaces in the area (among them a young New York politician named Theodore Roosevelt), and its depot was close enough to town for an inveterate walker like Davenport. For the next four decades he could be seen striding purposefully down country roads, sometimes before dawn, to get to the station and then to the wide world beyond the principality he created in Cold Spring Harbor. He had a story to tell�a story rooted in the work of a singular British gentleman scientist, then translated by Davenport into a credo for America, and characterized by both men as nothing less than the basis for a new religion. * * * FRANCIS GALTON�S MOTTO, a colleague said, was �Whenever you can, count.� He counted the number of dead worms that emerged from the ground near his London town house after a heavy rain (forty-five in a span of sixteen paces), and he counted the number of flea bites he suffered in 1845 while spending a night in the home of the Sheikh of Aden (ninety-seven, but even so he thought the sheikh was �a right good fellow�). Galton consumed numbers ravenously, then added them, divided them, shuffled and rearranged them so he could amaze himself with his own discoveries. The extraordinary man who developed the theory that talent, intelligence, and even morality were bequeathed biologically believed that everything knowable could be expressed in numbers. Galton�s major discoveries�among them the individuality of fingerprints, the movement of anticyclones, the statistical law of regression to the mean�elevated his obsessive collection of data from triviality to significance. But for every one of his substantial contributions to human understanding, he probably hit upon a dozen that were trivial. His meticulously constructed �Beauty Map� of Great Britain, he believed, established that Aberdeen was home to the nation�s least attractive women. His essay �The Measure of Fidget,� published in England�s leading scientific journal, was an effort to �giv[e] numerical expression to the amount of boredom� in any audience by counting body movements per minute. Observation and enumeration convinced him that �well washed and combed domestic pets grow dull� because �they miss the stimulus of fleas.� For good or ill, and often for purposes utterly irrelevant, this lavish reverence for numbers, his belief in their power, enabled Galton to live a life both intellectually distinctive and richly productive. Having grown up surrounded by wealth and inheriting a good deal of it while still a young man didn�t hurt. In a century (the nineteenth), a place (Victorian England), and his particular milieu (the cosseted world of wealthy amateurs), Galton was better armed than most for a life of inquiry and experimentation. His paternal grandfather, a gun manufacturer who grew rich supplying the British army with muskets, married one of the banking Barclays, whose family business was already more than a century old by the time Francis was born in 1822. A third grandparent was the daughter of a landowning Scottish nobleman descended from Richard Plantagenet, father of Richard III. These three compounded the fortune that Galton would inherit at age twenty-two, enabling him to live the life of a gentleman. His fourth grandparent may have provided the bloodlines (and Galton would come to care a great deal about bloodlines) that led him to the field of scientific inquiry. This progenitor was the obese, libidinous, polymathic physician and poet Erasmus Darwin, one of whose other grandsons would do fairly well in science himself. We have it on the testimony of Lewis M. Terman, one of the pioneers of intelligence testing in America, that when Galton was a child, it was already clear that his IQ �was not far from 200.� Among the thousands of children Terman had personally tested by the time he announced this impressive assessment, it was true that he had yet to encounter an IQ greater than 170. It is also true that Terman arrived at his conclusion six years after Galton�s death at eighty-eight, and had never met him, much less tested him. And it�s conclusively true that Terman had a horse in this particular race: much of his career was predicated on principles first elucidated and techniques first developed by Galton himself. Still, Terman had a point. Francis Galton was precocious to roughly the same degree that an ocean is large. He could read at two, mastered Latin at four (around the time he wrote to his sister to inform her that �I read French a little� as well), quoted freely and at length from Sir Walter Scott at five, was intimate with the Iliad by six. The spirited self-confidence that would for the next eight decades mark his prose, his speech, and virtually every delighted leap of his lush and expressive eyebrows had received an early familial boost when his father had sent seven-year-old Francis, alone, on a journey by pony from their estate in England�s West Midlands, with instructions to stay at a particular inn along the way. The boy managed without difficulty�and without ever becoming aware of the servant following a careful two miles behind. Tall and thin, his face framed by spectacular muttonchops that seemed to provide architectural support for what an admirer called �a forehead like the dome of St. Paul�s,� Galton possessed an emotional buoyancy as well. He floated blithely from one endeavor to the next, ever productive, ever sanguine. When he wrote about his �rather unusual power of enduring physical fatigue without harmful results,� he wasn�t boasting. More than twenty books and two hundred journal articles spilled from his pen, the last of them published in his eighty-ninth year. By all accounts Galton was an amiable person and a charming host, but he was also a thoroughgoing snob. He never saw reason to challenge the class system that produced him, nor did he ever miss a chance to take advantage of its benefits. And though the Galtons (like the Darwins) were ardent abolitionists, Francis didn�t doubt the inferiority of black people. This was hardly a rare attitude in Victorian England, but one would think that a man of science would seek firm evidence to support his beliefs, especially a man as data crazed as Galton. But no: �It is seldom that we hear of a white traveler [in Africa] meeting with a black chief whom he feels to be the better man,� he wrote in 1869. The case can be made that Galton came to his belief in the heritability of talent partly because it was self-affirming�an implicit endorsement of the familial process that reached its apotheosis in his own genius. It certainly didn�t arise from his earlier work. �Until the phenomena of any branch of Knowledge have been submitted to measurement and number,� Galton declared late in life, �it cannot assume the status and dignity of a science.� But before he reached his forties, Galton�s science was neither meaningfully scientific nor particularly dignified. As a medical student�a program of study he never completed�he decided to sample every drug in the basic pharmacopoeia; working alphabetically, he never made it past croton oil, a powerful purgative that produced violent bouts of diarrhea. He did attain membership in the Royal Geographical Society after conducting a self-financed two-year expedition to southwest Africa, accompanied by nine �white or whitish people,�II ten �natives,� eighty-six oxen, thirty small cattle, and two wagons. The titles of some of the journal articles he published between 1855 and 1865 probably indicate the best way to define Galton�s nature at this point in his life: �Signals Available to Men Who Are Adrift on Wrecks at Sea,� �On a New Principle for the Protection of Riflemen,� �First Steps Towards the Domestication of Animals.� He never got around to publishing his findings from a three-month investigation into the proper temperature for brewing tea. Charles Darwin and Francis Galton barely knew each other when young, which was partly because of their age difference (Darwin the elder by thirteen years), but more likely because grandfather Erasmus was as profligate as he was prolific: his children�twelve legitimate and (at least) two not�produced grandchildren almost too numerous to list, much less to know one another. The first substantive communication between the two cousins didn�t take place until 1853, when Darwin was forty-four and Galton thirty-one; the older man wanted to compliment the younger on his first book, The Narrative of an Explorer in South Africa. But without Darwin�s influence, Galton would likely never have begun his explorations into the nature of heredity. In this regard, he was no different from virtually everyone else who had been exploring the boundaries of biology in the British scientific world of the 1850s. Natural scientists were clamoring for data on �tides, the analysis of life insurance tables, bills of mortality, population censuses,� wrote Janet Browne in her magnificent biography of Darwin. �Raw information flooded in from every corner of the world, piling up in London�s learned societies and in government corridors.� At the same time, philosophers were contemplating the perfectibility of society and trying to discern the meaning of the individual. The protean thinker Herbert Spencer drew on biology, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines to build a unified theory of the structure of human society (among its tenets: all forms of public charity or welfare are interruptions in the natural order of the universe). Then, in 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species and imposed his revolutionary views on a new model of science�a universe liberated from the intangible and unverifiable homilies of religion, supposition, and superstition. Darwin�s book, Galton would recall half a century later, �made a marked epoch in my own mental development as it did in that of human thought generally. Its effect was to demolish a multitude of dogmatic barriers by a single stroke.� The theory of natural selection was, to Galton, a call to revolution, an assault on �all ancient authorities whose positive and unauthenticated statements were contradicted by modern science.� If the development of species was not guided by a divine hand, he reasoned, neither were the minds of men. As physical qualities were provably heritable, so must be �the peculiarities of character.� Darwin had defined the principles of natural selection in the animal world; now Galton dared to adapt them to the lives of humans. In the words of Galton�s prot�g�, disciple, and biographer Karl Pearson, �the inheritance of mental and moral characters in man [became] the fundamental concept in Galton�s life and work.� Galton first set out to prove it in two articles that arose from his research�if one must call it that�in the peculiar pages of a book called A Million of Facts. Advertised as �a useful reference on all subjects of research and curiosity, collected from the most respectable modern authorities,� the book was a weird compendium of random information compiled by a schoolteacher/publisher/hosiery manufacturer named Richard Phillips, whose singular beliefs included the conviction that the law of gravity was in error. But the volume did contain within its five hundred�plus pages a long section, headed �Biography,� that provided Galton with the raw information he would use to establish that men are born, not made. Galton counted 605 �notabilities� who lived in the four centuries between 1453 and 1853 and concluded that fully one in six was related to someone else on the list. Never mind that Phillips included such �notabilities� as �Aikin, Dr., a tasteful writer, died 1815.� (This was the entire entry.) Or that the complete �biography� of a somewhat better-known figure, the French novelist Alain-Ren� Lesage, read, �the author of Gil Blas was very deaf; he wrote for profit, and got fame also.� Thomas � Becket was (again, complete entry) �a factious and arrogant churchman, who was killed in 1170, at Canterbury.� From this dubious source (whose author, incidentally, Galton misidentified as Sir Thomas Phillips), he moved on to a gumbo of others. Galton examined page proofs of a yet-to-be-published listing of nineteen thousand prominent men (he got that author�s name wrong, too), and then a cross section of Men of the Time, a sort of Who�s Who of contemporary figures in which fully two out of seven had relatives in the volume as well. Thrilled by this gratifying discovery, he moved from the generic to the specific, counting his way through a dictionary of painters, a directory of prominent musicians (in French), lists of scientists, lists of lawyers, lists of writers. He finally concluded that one out of eight men of great accomplishment had a father, son, or brother of similar attainments. Proving . . . what, exactly? Looked at today, Galton�s research and his conclusions seem risible. His sources were at best problematic; his measures of eminence were arbitrary (they were in many cases measures of fame, not accomplishment). He failed to see that the sons of �eminent� men were likely to enjoy careers that benefitted from their fathers� privileged positions. Heredity certainly played a large role in determining an individual�s makeup, but to discount the influence of wealth, and educational opportunity, and social connections, and access to resources�this was preposterous. The articles that arose from Galton�s studies were published in 1865. To amplify his research, he offered a series of eccentric extrapolations. �Most notabilities have been great eaters and excellent digesters,� he asserted, �on literally the same principle that the furnace which can raise more steam than is usual for one its size must burn more freely and well than is common.�III He also offered prescriptive counsel for the good of the nation, notably a series of incentives to encourage the inherently superior to marry each other in a mass wedding at Westminster Abbey, where Queen Victoria �will give away the brides.� Wedding presents? Five thousand pounds per couple, so they needn�t worry about earning a living and could get right down to their assigned business: fulfilling their patriotic responsibilities by making superior babies for the benefit of Britain. In 1869 Galton expanded these articles into Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. The supportive data that made up the bulk of the book mostly demonstrated his mania for counting and list making, the pages filled with enumeration and analysis of poets, military commanders, clergymen, even �very excellent oarsmen.� In historical digressions, Galton cited genealogies from the Roman Empire to show the durability of heredity (all those Scipios) and employed some extremely acrobatic math to calculate that precisely 1 in 3,214 ancient Athenians who reached the age of fifty was �illustrious.� The narrative chapters that begin and end the book are chiefly used to make the case that would provide ballast for the entire mode of thought that arose from Galton�s work on heredity: that selective breeding could be employed to improve the species, much as it had with dogs and horses. And in the book�s conclusions, he added a sentence that was an augury of hereditarian arguments yet to come. �Let us do what we can,� he wrote, �to encourage the multiplication of the races best suited to invent and conform to a high and generous civilization.� Galton�s proposal for granting official certificates to those �distinctly superior in eugenic gifts.�According to Louisa Galton, who kept a meticulous diary of her husband�s professional life, the initial edition of Hereditary Genius was generally �not well received.� An especially savage commentary, in the Saturday Review, declared Galton�s lists of �disjointed facts� to be �inert and lifeless . . . logically worth nothing.� But praise from one particular quarter provided balm for whatever wounds Galton�s ego might have suffered. Charles Darwin, his travels and energies constrained by illness, had been homebound in Kent, listening to his wife read aloud from Galton�s book. They were not fifty pages into it when he felt compelled to write to his cousin. His excitement was so intense, he said, that he felt the need to �exhale myself, else something will go wrong in my inside. I do not think I ever in all my life read anything more interesting and original.� Some Darwin scholars have argued that the great man�s enthusiasm should not be taken as an endorsement; it could simply have been an expression of cousinly generosity, a diplomatic response to Galton�s worshipful regard for him. Additionally, in subsequent years Darwin took specific exception to certain interpretations and recommendations Galton put forth. Still, barely a year after his breathless letter, Darwin was willing to openly declare his faith in Galton�s work, in the first edition of The Descent of Man: �We now know, through the labours of Mr. Galton, that genius . . . tends to be inherited,� and it is also �certain that insanity and deteriorated mental powers run likewise in families.� This seemed, and seems, reasonable enough. But where Darwin saw tendencies, his cousin veered toward absolute conviction. And unlike Galton, Darwin did not propose that a radical reordering of society through the manipulation of marriage and child-rearing should be erected on so frail a foundation. By the time Descent was published, in 1869, the Darwinian modes of thought that had already spread through the world of natural science had invaded distant fields of inquiry. The new journal Nature effectively became the house organ of the scientific modernism that Darwin had initiated. The mathematician W. K. Clifford declared that �all new reasoning in the sciences, biology to sociology, must [now] rely on the scientific law of evolution.� In 1864 Herbert Spencer had coined �survival of the fittest,� an epithet that mutated into a flag permanently affixed to Darwinian thinking.IV Henry Adams, who had come to London to serve as secretary to his father, the American ambassador, saw �evolution . . . rag[ing] like an epidemic.� Galton�s scientific reputation advanced in the wake of this intellectual tidal wave, accelerated by the potent fusion of his boundless energies and a concomitant gift for publicity. His astonishing productivity continued unabated, and he found new and attention-getting ways to express it. He offered �500 in prize money (and publication of their names in a forthcoming book) to people who sent him the most detailed family records, covering everything from height to �artistic faculty.� At the mobile �Anthropometric Laboratory� he set up at the International Health Exhibition in South Kensington in 1884, more than 9,300 people lined up to pay three pence apiece to be measured not just by scale or yardstick but also by a phalanx of machines largely invented by Galton himself. This array of rods, pulleys, lights, and weights could evaluate with Galtonian precision such (presumably hereditary) variables as keenness of sight, �swiftness of blow,� sensitivity to pain, and �the delicacy� of the senses. Londoners unwilling to be measured but eager to watch could stand outside the lab and gape through an open lattice constructed to accommodate their curiosity. Over the next several years Galton set up his lab in Dublin, Oxford, Cambridge, and other cities, each installation extending the reach of his renown and the public�s grasp of his theories. One other skill proved invaluable: his fecund gift for language. In an 1874 volume titled English Men of Science, he came up with �a convenient jingle of words,� repurposed from Shakespeare, that have endured far longer than Galton�s renown: �nature and nurture.�V Nine years later, in Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development, he finally attached a name and a definition to the entire field of study he had initiated, promoted, and made his own: �eugenics,� extracted from the Greek eugenes, meaning �good in stock.� Like the idea of state-planned marriages, equating the breeding of humans to plant and animal hybridization was a trope as old as Plato�s suggestion that humans should be selectively mated in the same fashion as sporting dogs. William Penn used it when he said that �men are more careful of the breed of their horses and dogs than of their children,� and early investigators into the nature of heredity could barely avoid it. The modern revival of the trope was best articulated by Galton himself, when he declared that just �as a new race can be obtained in animals and plants . . . with moderate care in preventing the more faulty members of the flock from breeding, so a race of gifted men might be obtained, under exactly similar conditions.� Darwin raised the same notion two years later in The Descent of Man, and as the doctrine of eugenics leapt the Atlantic and began to spread, so did easy extrapolations from man�s experiments with lower species. In 1883, addressing the National Academy of Sciences, Alexander Graham Bell suggested that just as it was possible to �modify . . . our domestic animals� through selective breeding, �we could also produce modifications or varieties of men.� For his study of �Good and Bad Temper in English Families,� Galton gathered, analyzed, cross-referenced, and sorted appraisals of 1,981 individuals.But �selective breeding� also implies that the process of selection would cull certain individuals from any planned breeding program, and just as ancient as Pl

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